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Ziel des Forschungsprojekts ‚BaSys4Dash‘ (Laufzeit: 01.06.2019 – 31.12.2021) ist es, eine teilautomatisierte Entscheidungsunterstützung auf Basis von Dashboards in zwei Anwenderunternehmen zu entwickeln. Dabei dient das Softwaresystem BaSys 4.0 als Grundlage, um Auswertungen teilautomatisiert durchzuführen und Informationen situations- und anwendungsgerecht auf Dashboards zu visualisieren. Die Architektur von BaSys 4.0 wird genutzt, um das Potenzial zu heben, indem einheitliche Schnittstellen für den Informationsaustausch geboten werden. Eine Möglichkeit dafür ist die Verwendung standardisierter Schnittstellen wie die des Verwaltungsschalenkonzepts, das einen Grundbaustein von BaSys 4.0 darstellt. Damit werden Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse digital unterstützt, sodass nicht mehr nur auf Erfahrungen und Wissen zurückgegriffen werden muss. Das diesem Bericht zugrundeliegende Vorhaben wird mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung unter dem Förderkennzeichen 01IS19006A gefördert.
Die Umsetzung von Industrie 4.0, also der umfassenden Digitalisierung und Vernetzung der Produktion, stellt Unternehmen noch immer vor Herausforderungen. In dieser Marktstudie wurde eine bei produzierenden Unternehmen identifizierte Hürde, die IT-Komplexität und deren Management, stärker beleuchtet. Unternehmen, die sich besser aufgestellt sehen, legen in der Regel einen stärkeren Fokus auf verschiedene Aktivitäten.
In the age of digitalization, manufacturing companies are under increased pressure to change due to product complexity, growing customer requirements and digital business models. The increasing digitization of processes and products is opening up numerous opportunities for mechanical engineering companies to exploit the resulting potential for value creation. Subscription business is a new form of business model in the mechanical engineering industry, which aims to continuously increase customer benefit to align the interests of both companies and customers. Characterized by a permanent data exchange, databased learning about customer behavior, and the transfer into continuous innovations to increase customer value, subscription business helps to make Industry 4.0 profitable. The fact that machines and plants are connected to the internet and exchange large amounts of data results in critical information security risks. In addition, the loss of knowledge and control, data misuse and espionage, as well as the manipulation of transaction or production data in the context of subscription transactions are particularly high risks. Complementary to direct and obvious consequences such as loss of production, the attacks are increasingly shifting to non-transparent and creeping impairments of production or product quality, which are only apparent at a late stage, or the influencing of payment flows. A transparent presentation of possible risks and their scope, as well as their interrelationships, does not exist. This paper shows a research approach in which the structure of subscription models and their different manifestations based on their risks and vulnerabilities are characterized. This allows suitable cyber security measures to be taken at an early stage. From this basis, companies can secure existing or planned subscription business models and thus strengthen the trust of business partners and customers.
The digital transformation is changing the way companies think and design their manufacturing environment. Both due to the increasing number of connections between IoT-Devices, tooling machines, and production lines and the phenomenon of the convergence of IT and OT, systems are becoming more complex than years ago. Organizational and cultural changes within manufacturing companies strengthen this trend and form Industry 4.0 environments and cyber-physical production systems (CPPS). As these systems do not longer stay alone but are connected to each other and the company’s outside, the size of the potential attack surface is increasing as well. Besides that, manufacturing companies, small and medium-sized in particular, are facing complex challenges based on lack of knowledge, budget, and time to understand as well as to interpret their current situation and risk level and therefore to derive necessary counter-measures. Efficient as well as pragmatic tools and methods for these companies do not exist. This paper shows a research approach in which the company-specific set-up of Industry 4.0 environment and CPPS is characterized by its potential vulnerabilities. This enables companies to evaluate their risk potential before setting up this kind of environments and to undJo,erstand the potential consequences more precisely. By doing so, companies can derive and prioritize important counter-measures and so to strengthen their level of cyber-security efficiently. This will decrease the number of cyber-security attacks and increase the company’s competitiveness.
Networked digitalisation as an enabler for smart products and data-based business models presents companies with numerous and diverse challenges on their way through the digital transformation. Various reference architecture models have been developed in recent years to support these companies. A detailed analysis of these and in particular their use by companies quickly showed that currently existing reference models have major weaknesses in their practical suitability. With the Aachen Digital Architecture Management (ADAM), a framework was developed that specifically addresses the weaknesses of existing reference architectures and specifically takes up their strengths. As a holistic model, specially developed for use by companies, ADAM structures the digital transformation of companies in the areas of digital infrastructure and business development starting from customer requirements. Systematically, companies are enabled to drive the design of the digital architecture, taking into account design fields. The description of the design fields offers a detailed insight into the essential tasks on the way to a digitally networked company. The model is not only a structuring aid, but also contains a construction kit with the design fields to configure the procedure in the digital transformation. The procedure differentiates between the development of the digitalisation strategy and the implementation of the digital architecture. Three different case studies also show how ADAM is used in industry, what structuring support it can provide and how the digital transformation can be configured. The breadth and depth of ADAM enable companies to take the path of digital transformation systematically and in a structured manner, without ignoring the value-creating components of digitalisation. This qualifies ADAM as a sustainability-oriented framework, as it places the economic scaling, needs-based adaptation and future-oriented robustness of solution modules in the focus of digital transformation.
Durch die steigende Vernetzung in produzierenden Unternehmen nimmt die potenzielle Gefahr durch Cyberangriffe zu. Die meisten kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) sind sich heute bewusst, dass hierbei nicht mehr ausschließlich Großkonzerne ein beliebtes Angriffsziel darstellen. Durch automatisierte Malware-Kampagnen und die wachsende Anzahl von Cyberangriffen rücken alle Akteure der Wertschöpfungskette produzierender Unternehmen zunehmend in das Visier von Angreifern – dabei können KMU direkt oder indirekt, zur Schädigung ihrer Partner, angegriffen werden. Die steigende Bedrohungslandschaft ist allerdings nicht die einzige Herausforderung, mit der sich KMU konfrontiert sehen. Besonders schwerwiegend und besorgniserregend ist ihr Umgang mit Cybersicherheit: Viele KMU setzen sich trotz zunehmender Digitalisierung bislang nur unzureichend mit ihrer Cybersicherheit auseinander. Durch die Verschmelzung unterschiedlicher Domänen steigt nicht nur die Komplexität der Technologien, sondern auch die der Prozesse sowie der Organisation in Unternehmen. Die Sicherheit von Systemen definiert sich nicht mehr nur über einzelne Komponenten, sondern durch die Sicherheit des unternehmensübergreifenden Gesamtsystems. Klassische Lösungsansätze zur Absicherung einzelner Komponenten decken die gestiegenen Schutzanforderungen nicht mehr ausreichend ab. Um KMU einen selbständigen und pragmatischen Einstieg in die Thematik zu ermöglichen, muss diese Komplexität beherrschbar gemacht werden. Aus Sicht der Cybersicherheit darf die Komplexität jedoch nicht dadurch reduziert werden, relevante Aspekte zu ignorieren. Es bedarf neuer und angepasster Sichtweisen, die KMU den Einstieg erleichtern.