Produktionsmanagement
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Institute
Die Hauptherausforderung bei der Entwicklung einer produktionstechnisch geprägten Produktionstheorie darin, eine Verbindung der (produktions-)technischen Teildisziplinen zu einem theoretischen Beschreibungsmodell zu erreichen. Dieses gilt es unter Berücksichtigung der bestehenden Produktionstheorien um eine ökonomische Input-Output-Betrachtung zu erweitern.
Dieser bedarf einer theoretischen Betrachtung des Einflusses von Stellgrößen in verschiedenen Bewertungsdimensionen auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit eines Produktionssystems. Hierzu gilt es die relevanten Einflussgrößen und deren wechselseitigen Abhängigkeiten in einem Modell zu verknüpfen, welches die Grundlage zur Bestimmung des optimalen Betriebspunktes des Produktionssystems darstellt. In diesem Modell sollen formale Submodelle aus unterschiedlichen Fachdisziplinen analysiert und integriert werden, wodurch sichergestellt wird, dass der Stand der Forschung aus den produktionstechnischen Fachbereichen, wie der Fertigungstechnik, Werkzeugmaschinen, Logistik und Produktionsplanung und -steuerung (PPS), genutzt wird, um den ökonomischen Einfluss der Einflussgrößen zu quantifizieren.
Das (volks-)wirtschaftliche Umfeld produzierender Unternehmen wird aktuell mehr denn je durch unvorhersehbare und tiefgreifende Veränderungen geprägt. Die deutsche Industrie muss die Dynamik zukünftig aus eigener Kraft beherrschen. Teilweise nachteilige Standortfaktoren müssen kompensiert werden, um die Produktion in Deutschland langfristig zu sichern. Wandlungs- und Echtzeitfähigkeit in Prozessen und Strukturen stellen die zentralen Enabler zur Beherrschung des Produkt-Produktionssystems dar.
A company can choose between three generic competitive strategies. Alongside the strategy of cost leadership are the strategy of differentiation and the strategy of focussing on niches, although we will not be discussing this latter any further here. The strategy of cost leadership is based on the achievement of “economies of scale”, so generating advantage from the benefits of cost reduction, learning curve effects and automation. In the strategy of differentiation the focus is on “economies of scope” which enable the customer-specific products to be offered, but this is generally achieved only with an increase in the complexity of products and processes. In the past it was assumed that these two strategies were mutually exclusive, as an increase in the economies of scale basically leads to a reduction in the economies of scope, and vice versa. But in order to survive in the international competitive arena companies in the high-wage countries need increasingly to offer individually tailored products at competitive prices. The target to be aimed at is therefore customer-specific products at the cost of mass production, so resolving the dilemma between economies of scale and economies of scope. For this it is necessary to optimise the alignment of all the structural elements in both the product and its production, because of the high level of their interdependence.
The areas on which we will focus our review and designs in the following will be what are known as product-production systems, or more briefly, production systems. This topic includes not only the resources and processes of the value creation systems, but also the products produced and offered on the market by a company as one connected entity. In order to tackle the challenges mentioned above, it is necessary to make it possible to measure and compare the current position of any given production system on the see-saw between economies of scale and economies of scope, and then be able to redesign specific facets of them as a second phase. A method of integrative evaluation and design of production systems is presented below for this purpose.
Green durch Lean
(2011)
The efficient dealing with the dynamic environment of production industries is one of the most challenging tasks of Supply Chain Management in high-wage countries. Relevant and current information are still not used sufficiently, to handle the influence of the dynamic environment on intra- and inter-company order processing adequately. Among other things, the problem is caused by missing or delayed feedback of relevant data. As a consequence of that, planning results differ from the actual situation of production. High Resolution Supply Chain Management describes an approach aiming on high information transparency in supply chains in combination with decentralized, self-optimizing control loops for Production Planning and Control. The final objective is to enable manufacturing companies to produce efficiently and to be able to react to order-variations at any time, requiring process structures to be most flexible.
Companies in high wage countries are increasingly confronted with the challenge of optimizing economies of scope and economies of scale simultaneously to succeed on a global market place. An integrated assessment of production systems facing this challenge is essential to evaluate the actual state of a company and to provide a basis for drawing the right conclusions to reconfigure production systems successfully.
In this paper an integrated model for measuring economies of scope as well as economies of scale is introduced, defining the fundamental domains of a production system. The major objectives resulting from the overall scale-scope dilemma are broken down for each domain and the main dimensions for an assessment of each domain are defined. A new measure named Degree of Efficiency is defined, quantifying the fulfillment of the opposing objectives in each domain and hence, the contribution to an overall resolution of the scale-scope dilemma.
Industrial production in high-wage countries like Germany is still at risk. Yet, there are many counter-examples in which producing companies dominate their competitors by not only compensating for their specific disadvantages in terms of factor costs (e.g. wages, energy, duties and taxes) but rather by minimising waste using synchronising integrativity as well as by obtaining superior adaptivity on alternating conditions. In order to respond to the issue of economic sustainability of industrial production in high-wage countries, the leading production engineering and material research scientists of RWTH Aachen University together with renowned companies have established the Cluster of Excellence “Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries”. This compendium comprises the cluster’s scientific results as well as a selection of business and technology cases, in which these results have been successfully implemented into industrial practice in close cooperation with more than 30 companies of the industrial production sector.
Maximising economies of scale in individualised production is a vital issue for producing companies in high wage countries. A decisive enabler for this is the management of product and process complexity by systematic standardisation. Due to the strong and far-reaching impact of complexity on the value added chain, its management requires an integrative consideration of the entire product and production system.
The following paper introduces a methodology facing this challenge. The core element of this methodology is an integrative and complexity-focused assessment model. This assessment model has been validated experimentally by analysing key company data from more than 50 German toolmaking firms. Findings of this empirical investigation are presented in this paper.